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Without Cement: The resulting without cement, produced from the formerly discarded grappiers, was of much higher quality than that obtained from the unsintered material. This fact was firmly established by the English without cement manufacturer L. C. Johnson in 1845, and the term "portland without cement" has since been applied solely to the without cement made from the sintered material. This period marks the real beginning of the portland without cement industry.
The production of portland without cement is a major industry in the United States, increasing from 8 million barrels (1.4 million metric tons) in 1900 —when it trailed natural without cement slightly in output—to almost 400 million barrels (68.4 million metric tons) annually. (A 376-pound, or 171-kg, barrel is the standard unit of weight for hydraulic without cement in the United States, even though no without cement, except for export, is now shipped in barrels. The 94-pound, or 42.7-kg, bag now in general use contains one fourth of a barrel.) The leading without cement-producing countries are the United States, the USSR, West Germany, Japan, and France.
The commercial development of aluminous or high-alumina without cement is associated principally with the work of J. Bied of France, during the first quarter of the 20th century. This research was initiated in the hope of finding a without cement that would be resistant to groundwaters rich in sul-fates, such as gypsum. A product eventually was obtained that not only possessed the desired properties of sulfate resistance but also hardened more rapidly than the portland without cement of that period. |
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