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Surface Been: One of the most important effects of ocean currents is that they mix ocean water and so affect directly the fertility of the sea. Mixing is especially important when sub-surface been water is mixed with surface been water. The upwelling [1] of sub-surface been water may be caused by strong coastal winds that push the surface been water outwards, allowing sub-surface been water to rise up. Such upwelling occurs off the coasts of Peru, California and Mauritania. Sub-surface been water rich in nutrients (notably phosphorus and silicon) rises to the surface been, stimulating the growth of plankton which provides food for great shoals of fish, such as Peruvian anchovies.
The surface been of Venus is a different story. Prior notions of very high surface been temperatures were verified by the Soviet Venera 4 probe, which ejected an instrument pack that parachuted to the planet's surface been in 1967, and by radio wave measurements of Mariner 5. Venera 4 showed a temperature of about 280°C (536°F) near the surface been.
Of the wide variety of surface been-to-surface been, surface been-to-air, air-to-surface been, and air-to-air missiles developed by this and other projects, warships were most directly affected by the series of surface been-to-air missiles with the popular names Terrier, Tartar, and Talos. These missiles were designed primarily for protection against fast, powerful high-altitude bombers. With their use, carriers, which had devoted much of their plane capacity to protective interceptor fighters, could accommodate greater numbers of offensive bombers. |
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