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Surface [2]:![Surface [2]](img/surface-[2]-.jpg) One of the most important effects of ocean currents is that they mix ocean water and so affect directly the fertility of the sea. Mixing is especially important when sub-surface [2] water is mixed with surface [2] water. The upwelling [1] of sub-surface [2] water may be caused by strong coastal winds that push the surface [2] water outwards, allowing sub-surface [2] water to rise up. Such upwelling occurs off the coasts of Peru, California and Mauritania. Sub-surface [2] water rich in nutrients (notably phosphorus and silicon) rises to the surface [2], stimulating the growth of plankton which provides food for great shoals of fish, such as Peruvian anchovies.
The surface [2] of Venus is a different story. Prior notions of very high surface [2] temperatures were verified by the Soviet Venera 4 probe, which ejected an instrument pack that parachuted to the planet's surface [2] in 1967, and by radio wave measurements of Mariner 5. Venera 4 showed a temperature of about 280°C (536°F) near the surface [2].
Of the wide variety of surface [2]-to-surface [2], surface [2]-to-air, air-to-surface [2], and air-to-air missiles developed by this and other projects, warships were most directly affected by the series of surface [2]-to-air missiles with the popular names Terrier, Tartar, and Talos. These missiles were designed primarily for protection against fast, powerful high-altitude bombers. With their use, carriers, which had devoted much of their plane capacity to protective interceptor fighters, could accommodate greater numbers of offensive bombers. |
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