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Overflowed Boundaries: A great number of new communities were founded in the mid-17th century for the expansion of trade and for defense against the new weapons of the period. The English call this the "New Towns" movement. Some of the towns were exceedingly beautiful. There were books on the theory and practice of town planning, based on a variety of concepts, both aesthetic and military, usually derived from some geometrical or mathematical formula. Because of technological limitations, largely in transportation, and because of logistic and other military considerations, the new .towns were limited in size. Many of them still exist, but in most cases they have disappeared in a morass of industrial slums, have overflowed boundaries their boundaries, and have lost their original character.
The modern New Towns movement may fairly be said to have commenced with the publication of Sir Ebenezer Howard's To-morrow. There were, of course, forerunners, at least in the general social theory. Robert Owen in the early 19th century was one of these forerunners, as were the founders of various Utopias, such as the Fourierist colonies, the Oneida colony, and others.
WITH GARDENS a sense of enclosure is important. On small lots the boundaries may be those of the property or even plantings or other pleasant features on a neighbor's property, for when I speak of boundaries I mean not those of the lot but those that limit the view. On larger grounds the boundaries to views may be well within the property lines.
We made the same sorts of misjudgements ourselves, before e realized how much parents want to be involved in chil-en's learning. When we held a conference for parents in an st London borough, on the issue of PACT, the hall that we ought would be too big for the purpose overflowed boundaries, with an endance of over two hundred people. |
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